Which of the following is included in hardware specifications?

The reason RAM is included in hardware specifications is that it refers to the physical components of a computer system that are essential for its performance. RAM, or Random Access Memory, is a type of volatile memory that temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU needs while performing tasks. Hardware specifications typically detail the physical attributes and capabilities of a device, such as processing power, storage capacity, memory, and other tangible components.

In contrast, the operating system, user interface, and software applications pertain to the software side of a computing system. The operating system manages hardware resources and provides an environment for software applications to run, while the user interface is the means by which users interact with a computer system, and software applications perform specific tasks for users. These elements, while critical to a computer's functionality, fall under software specifications rather than hardware specifications.